Zombie Fud

A Reminder about Vitamin E

Vitamin E is present in high-fat foods like vegetable oils, germs, nuts, and seeds.
It is impossible for you to get more than 200 IUs daily through diet alone.
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5.9.2. How It Works

It’s easier to understand what’s going on here if we think about it as two separate setups. Let’s call them “hard,” for the case in which you’re looking at the television right by the amplifier and “easy,” when you’re looking at the screen put a little further away.

In the hard case, there’s a video of a talking head on the television screen and two different voices, all coming from the same location. The reason it’s hard is because it’s easier to tune out of one information stream and into another if they’re in different locations (which is what [Hack #54] is all about). The fact there’s a video of a talking head showing in this case isn’t really important.

The easy setup has one audio stream tucked off to the side somewhere, while a talking head and its corresponding audio play on the television. It’s plain to see that tuning into the audio on the television is a fairly simple taskI do it whenever I watch TV while ignoring the noise of people talking in the other room.

But hang on, you say. In Driver’s experiment, the easy condition didn’t correspond to having one audio stream neatly out of the way and the one you’re listening to aligned with the television screen. Both audio streams were coming from the same place, from the amplifier, right?

Taken from : Mind Hacks

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Hack 65. Why Can’t You Tickle Yourself? (2)

Every time an action is made, the brain generates an efference copy of the actual motor command in parallel. The efference copy is just like a carbon copy, or duplicate, of the real motor command and is used to make a prediction about the effect of the action, for example, the tickling effect of a finger stroke. The predicted sensory effect of the efference copy and the actual sensory effect of the motor command are compared (Figure 6-3). If there is a mismatch, the sensation is labeled as externally generated.

Your accurate prediction of the consequences of the self-tickle reduces the sensory effects (the tickliness) of the action, but this does not happen when someone else tickles you. This explains why the sensation is usually more intense when another person touches your arm compared with when you touch your own arm.

Neuroimaging studies using a tickling machine (Figure 6-4) at University College London1 suggest that the distinction between self and other is hardwired in the brain. This device was used to apply a soft piece of foam to the participant’s left palm. In one condition, the participant self-produced the touch stimulus with his right hand, and in the other condition, the experimenter produced the stimulus. The participant’s brain was scanned during the experiment to investigate the brain basis of self-produced versus externally produced touch. Results show stronger activation of the somatosensory cortex and anterior cingulate, parts of the brain involved in processing touch and pleasure, respectively, when a person is tickled by someone else, compared with when they tickle themselves. The cerebellum, a part of the brain that is generally associated with movement, also responds differently to self-produced and externally produced touch, and it may have a role in predicting the sensory consequences of self-touch but not external touch. (See [Hack #7] for more about these parts of the brain.)

Taken from : Mind Hacks

5.10.1. In Action (2)

So, here’s a test to see if people can use both kinds of information in combination.5 Show a person something he’d like, like some food, and let him see you hide it behind the curtains in one corner of the room. Now disorient him by spinning him around and ask him to find the food. If he can combine the geometric and the color information, he’ll have no problem finding the foodhe’ll be able to tell unambiguously which corner it was hidden in. If he doesn’t combine information across modules, he will get it right 50% of the time and 50% of the time wrong on his first guess and need a second guess to find the food.

Where does language come into it? Well, language seems to define the kinds of subjects who can do this task at better than 50% accuracy. Rats can’t do it. Children who don’t have language yet can’t do it. Postlinguistic children and adults can do it.

Convinced? Here’s the rub: if you tie up an adult’s language ability, her performance drops to close to 50%. This is what Linda Hermer-Vazquez, Elizabeth Spelke, and Alla Katsnelson did.6 They got subjects to do the experiment, but all the time they were doing it, they were asked to repeat the text of newspaper articles that were played to them over loudspeakers. This “verbal shadowing task” completely engaged their language ability, removing their inner monologue.

The same subjects could orient themselves and find the correct corner fine when they weren’t doing the task. They could do it when they were doing an equivalently difficult task that didn’t tie up their language ability (copying a sequence of rhythms by clapping). But they couldn’t do it with their language resources engaged in something else. There’s something special about language that is essential for reorienting yourself using both kinds of information available in the room.

Taken from : Mind Hacks

5.10.1. In Action

The experiment described here was done in the lab of Elizabeth Spelke.4 You could potentially do it in your own home, but be prepared to build some large props and to get dizzy.

Imagine a room like the one in Figure 5-4. The room is made up of four curtains, used to create four walls in a rectangle, defined by two types of information: geometric (two short walls and two long walls) and color information (one red wall).

Now, think about the corners. If you are using only geometric information, pairs of corners are identical. There are two corners with a short wall on the left and a long wall on the right and two corners the other way around. If you are using only color information, there are also two pairs of identical corners: corners next to a red wall and corners not next to a red wall.

Using just one kind of information, geometry or color, lets you identify corners with only 50% accuracy. But using both kinds of information in combination lets you identify any of the four corners with 100% accuracy, because although both kinds of information are ambiguous, they are not ambiguous in the same way.

Taken from : Mind Hacks

5.9.1. In Action

Jon Driver from University College London1 took advantage of our experience with syncing language sounds with lip movements to do a little hacking. He showed people a television screen showing a person talking, but instead of the speech coming from the television, it was played through a separate amplifier and combined with a distracting, and completely separate, voice speaking. The television screen was alternately right next to the amplifier or some distance away. The subject was asked to repeat the words corresponding to the talking head on the television.

If they watched the talking head on screen nearby the amplifier, they made more errors than if they watched the talking head on the screen kept distant from the sound. Even though both audio streams were heard from the single amplifier in the two cases, moving the video image considerably changed the listener’s ability to tune into one voice.

This experiment is a prime candidate for trying at home. An easy way would be with a laptop hooked up to portable speakers and a radio. Have the laptop playing a video with lots of speech where you can see lip movements. A news broadcast, full of talking heads, is ideal. Now put the radio, tuned into a talk station, and the laptop speaker, in the same location. That’s the single amplifier in Driver’s experiment. The two different cases in the experiment correspond to your laptop being right next to the speakers or some feet away. You should find that you understand what the talking heads on the video are saying more easily when the laptop is further away. Give it a go.

Taken from : Mind Hacks

Chapter 6. Moving

6.1. Hacks 62-69
The story of the brain is a story of embodiment, of how much the brain takes for granted the world we’re in and the body that carries it about.

For instance, we assume a certain level of stability in the world. We make assumptions about how our body is able to move within the environment, and if the environment has changed [Hack #62], we get confused.

As we assume stability in the world, so too do we assume stability from our body. Why should the brain bother remembering the shape of our own body when it’s simply there to consult? But when our body’s shape doesn’t remain stable, the brain can get confused. You start by getting your fingers mixed up when you cross your hands [Hack #63] ; you end up convincing your brain that you’re receiving touch sensations from the nearby table [Hack #64] .

This is also a story of how we interact with the world. Our brains continually assess and anticipate the movements we need to grasp objects, judging correctly even when our eyes are fooled [Hack #66] . We’re built for activity, our brains perceiving the uses of an object, its affordances [Hack #67], as soon as we look at itas soon as we see something, we ready ourselves to use it.

We’ll finish on what we use for manipulation: our hands. What makes us right- or left-handed [Hack #68] ? And, while we’re on the topic, what does all that left-brain, right-brain stuff really mean [Hack #69] ?

Taken from : Mind Hacks

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Be Realistic: Long-Term Therapy Is Needed to Protect against Memory Loss

Be Realistic: Long-Term Therapy Is Needed to Protect against Memory Loss
You must not forget that a truly effective preventive strategy will take many months to years to exert its full effects, and being impatient about the fact that medications are not giving you a rapid response will be self-defeating. Bear in mind the reality that for age-related memory loss without a specific reversible cause, there is no miracle cure. Blocking further decline, and hopefully experiencing a moderate degree of improvement in memory, should be your goal.
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